Imagination Is More Important Than Knowledge Essay

â€Å"Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand.† (Albert Einstein) Do you agree? Imagination and Knowledge are two unusual concepts to compare, as they both define and represent not just different things, but contrasting ideals. Knowledge, as the name suggests, is the definitive act of knowing something through familiarisation with facts, information, descriptions or skills acquired through experience or education. Knowledge is universally regarded as truth as it has been tried and tested, anything recognised as knowledge has rigored through a variety of scientific, intellectual and practical tests to ensure its title as something generally known, is in fact a truth. Imagination, somewhat like knowledge is an abstract concept to define, it is personal and subjective. Imagination by technical definition is the mind’s ability to create images, sounds, feelings or sensations without the use of any of the five conscious senses, hearing, seeing, feeling, smelling or tasting. The mind may use aspects of sensual memory but ultimately creates these experiences alo ne, hence imagines them as they are unreal. However, by what definition makes them unreal? Surely if we see something it is true, because we know we’ve seen it and ‘seeing is believing,’ how do we separate imagination from knowledge if both is gained through sensual experience? Imagination could be considered a complex combination of free associations, which are abrupt feelings or emotions which require no previous knowledge. The separation of knowledge and imagination lies in the necessity for something be believe we know to be tested and tried. Knowledge is never static, something we discover and perceive as knowledge is never indefinite, it changes over time and must be tested accordingly on a repeated basis. Until the 18th century it was considered true knowledge that the earth was a flat surface, this knowledge was questioned by scientists with conflicting theories and proved to be wrong, we now know the earth is round. Does this means the earth being flat was never knowledge since proved untrue? How can something be considered knowledge if there is no evidence to support the theory? Furthermore, how can evidence be found for something that is untrue in order for it to earn the title of ‘knowledge’, surely it remains a  theory, which stems from imagination. For centuries people were believing a theory based on imagination. Thus, doesn’t this prove imagination is far more powerful than knowledge? Contrary to knowledge, imagination doesn’t only lead to belief, it doesn’t require proving. The fact that knowledge isn’t believed until proved, surely constitutes a weakness, proving Einstein’s belief that imagination is more important than knowledge. His explanation rests on the basis that our knowledge is currently limited and imagination is not; we know that we will know more than we know today, tomorrow. Einstein rightly, in my opinion, claims that since knowledge is constricted merely to theories and ideas proven at present it is inferior to imagining what we may be able to prove in the future. Often, knowledge is disregarded when new information is learnt which discredits the previous findings. Negatively criticised, this knowledge is no longer considered so; perhaps blamed on ignorance, unintelligence or lack of experimentation. In these cases, how can this knowledge have ever been considered so when later proved false? Knowledge is defined as so merely for a point in time, whereas imagination is indefinite and always truth since it cannot be disproven or disputed. It is subjective, much like Art its subjection is its greatest strongpoint and allows it to constantly be correct. Imagination triumphs also for the mere fact we imagine what we are later to know through what we desire to know. Imagination is dependent upon perception, emotion and language and they all interact and thus, enrich our imagination.nMoreover, not necessarily all people have imagination. For instance, scientists undervalue it, and instead emphasise on their ability to explore new facts, given pre-existing ones. Hence, the relevance of being imaginative is negligible seen through a scientific perspective. In comparison, all arts wouldn’t survive without imagination. This makes the role of being imaginative too subjective. In this respect, imagination can be treated as a form of a well-developed associative memory, which doesn’t occur in all people. With all these factors taken into account, I fully agree with Albert Einstein. Ironically so considering his position as a scientist and loyal physicist, Einstein was able to recognise the importance of imagination when finding knowledge to prove. I concur with him on the understanding that knowledge is temporary until factually disputed whilst imagination cannot be, and therefore overcomes the importance of knowledge. One which cannot be  fought, doesn’t have to fight and therefore always comes out on top.

Learning and Student Code Essay

The Student Code of Conduct and the Student Code of Academic Integrity were both very informative. In the Student Code of Conduct, there was no information that I can say that I found very shocking. All of the rules that are listed in the Student Code of Conduct, seem to be in place to ensure that students will be able to learn and work in a safe and productive environment. In the Student Code of Academic Integrity, there was also nothing that I can say that I found necessarily surprising. In a learning environment, us as students should be expected to rely on our own academic abilities, and submit work that is our own. What did you learn about the behaviors considered important for an ethical learner or student in the University of Phoenix learning community? Each student has their own unique set of ethics, principals and rules, which help us to determine the choices that we will make in life as well as during our learning experience. I learned that the way that each of us learn and react to different situations, can be from a variety of many different things. For example, our DNA, upbringing, as well as the communities in which we grew up in play a vital role in our decision making process and the ethical choices that we decide to make. At the University of Phoenix, it is important that each member follow the ethical standards, to ensure that every student is safe and treated with respect. Why are the Student Code of Conduct and Student Code of Academic Integrity important to you and the University of Phoenix learning community? The Student Code of Conduct and the Student Code of Academic Integrity are both very Important resources to being a productive member of the University of Phoenix Learning Community. The Student Code of Conduct is designed to ensure that students are aware of what is expected of them and focuses on the behaviors that will guarantee that each student is safe and treated with respect, and able to learn in a productive environment. The student code of Academic Integrity is very important as a student and contributor to the University of Phoenix learning community. The Code of Academic Integrity teaches students the importance of relying own their own learning abilities and thoughts when completing assignments and coursework.

Argument Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument Analysis - Essay Example This article primarily discusses how Facebook has become addictive despite its various flaws most noticeably those pertaining to privacy and loss of valuable human interaction. This idea, however, has not been explicitly stated and unfolds until one finishes reading the argument. Although the thesis has been implicitly stated in the argument, it is easily understood and apparent through the language used by the author. This article is mainly targeted at the youth, primarily 15-30 year olds who either use Facebook regularly or disprove of its use. The author tries to engage this audience by using analogies which relate Facebook to a country and its users as nationals, he aptly describes the thesis through the phrase â€Å"you’ll never make it past the border† (Petri) which means Facebook is addictive. Furthermore, the use of statistics is also prevalent although to a lesser extent. More statistics could have been used such as an appropriate number of people who quit Facebook per year or the number of users who intend to quit Facebook but do not. These could have strengthened the author’s argument greatly. Furthermore, the sources of the statistics used in this article have not been disclosed which questions the authenticity of these statistics. On the brighter side, however, examples and analogies were primarily used to convey the argument which did prove effective. While the use of analogies has proved to be convey a convincing argument, several assumptions have been made by the author are too simplistic and have been generalized. For instance, the author assumes that we spend ‘all’ our time on Facebook which disregards many users who do not use Facebook at all or who use it sparingly. This has somewhat weakened the argument since only one type of users have been considered which is ‘heavy users’ of Facebook. Describing

Software Development (JAVA) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Software Development (JAVA) - Coursework Example The working methods illustrate the functionalities / pusposes of the different classes. The underived class checkStock has not been dervied or linked to any child classes and therfore it has been shown seperately with its data members and method members. Class Hierarchy_Diagram The class hierarchy diagram shows the 5 classes in a hierarchical way with the super class / parent class / base class on top i.e., the class calculateCost. The child classes are shown at the bottom and they have been labelled as implementing classes with definitions of the member methods of the parent class. The super class has been labelled as an abstract class because of the absence of method definitions i.e., abstract methods. Instance_Diagram The instance diagram shows the object instances of the class calculateCost and its sub classes: box, triangular and cylindrical. It shows the super classes protected data members being accessed by the sub classes. The instance diagram depicts the flow of the object o riented program and traces the entire execution path or process flow of the application. It shows the values and the calculations as it occures in a real time execution scenario. Use Case Diagram The Use Case diagram illustrated the actors i.e., the Operator who initialises the stock of grade 1, grade 2, grade 3 of boards present in the company’s reserves for designing of tubes and boxes. The processes of a customer logging in and making an order choice for a box or a tube, the grade and the other additional specifications like reinforcble bottom, sealable top, color printing etc. Calculation of Cost: The cost is calculated based on the grade of the material. The additional costs of sealable tops, reinforcble bottoms, color printing are added to the total cost as percentages The main calculation is involved in the part where the surface area is calculated using the method calculateSurfaceArea. It accepts the inputs for total units ordered (example n), the dimensions and the t ype ( board grade) from the user. For the Box it calculates the surface by employing the folowing mathematical calculation: Surface area = n X length X height For the Triangular tube the following calculation is performed Surface area = n X {(0.5 X side1 X side2) + {squareroot {(side1)2 + (side2)2}* height} +side1 X height + side2 X height For the cylindrical tube the surface area is calculated using the following mathematical formula: Surface area = n X 3.14*radius2 + (2 X 3.14 X radius * height ) Here n is the number of ordered units or the quantity Height is the height of the triangular or cylindrical tube Side 1 and side 2 are the two sides of the triangle base tube Radius is the radius of the cylindrical tube Length, breadth and height are the three sides of the box Calculation of available material (Quantity Exceeded) The total ordered surface areas of grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 are compared with the initially entered quantity of board material by the order. Accordingly the output is displayed and message shown whether the ordered quantity has exceeded the stock

How People Are Changed by Suburbia Occupation Essay

How People Are Changed by Suburbia Occupation - Essay Example The essay "How People Are Changed by Suburbia Occupation" discusses the following issues: what makes suburban life pattern more acceptable, what are the positive and negative aspects of the suburban occupation, how do the people of a suburban culture feel the difference and if they are completely satisfied with their new pattern of life. William Whyte and Herbert Gans present both sociological and psychological aspects of the topic under discussion, whereas Lewis Mumford describes the social aspects of the subject matter and Betty Frieden deals with the psychological impacts of suburbia occupation of the individuals especially the women.The endurance of pressures exerted by society against an individual is termed ‘social ethics’ by William Whyte. Such pressures are treated as morally legitimate. He ascribes this ethics as the factor of mounting pressures on individuals in a society that leads to the formation of suburbia. Park Forest inviting newcomers to its fold happil y advertises itself as a friendly small town instead of the lonely big city. Babysitting bank delineated in his work depicts the convenience felt by housewives of the suburb. Suburbs are created to get away from a machine like busy cities. Suburbs are providing ample leisure. Entertainment and play find large scope in suburbs to change the lifestyle of the people. Herbert Gans views the social life of individuals in Levittown is relatively better than other suburbs, where he supposes proximity does not nurture an intimate friendship.

Criminal justice-Deterrence theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal justice-Deterrence theory - Essay Example The Deterrence Theory explains that punishing the criminal will make them not to repeat the crime, and will discourage the public from being engaged in similar criminal activities. On this base, it follows that the level of punishment should match the impacts of the crime in question. Certainty operates in Deterrence Theory in that when people are accused of a crime, they must be punished to avert repetition of the crime (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 66). Severity implies that punishment because of a crime should be as severe as the affects it had on those it affected. Severity relates to deterrence theory in that criminals should be punished in accordance to the crimes they did, and the punishment should stop them from repeating the crime. Celerity refers to the speed at which punishment is given to a criminal, and it operates in Deterrence Theory in that criminals should be punished as soon as they commit the crime so that their memory is still fresh of the actions they committed. The most significant of the three is certainty as it refers to the surety that a criminal will be caught and be punished (Wright, pp 5). Severity and celerity would not be in existence if certainty did not operate since if the criminals were not caught and punishment would not be guaranteed. This stops people from engaging in crime since they know the consequence of their actions is punishment. Persistent thieves do not operate in accordance to crime as choice model since they know the consequence, which is punishment to stop them from repeating the crime, and they still engage in theft (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 69). Increasing the length of jail terms for criminals who have been caught stealing under the influence of drugs will be crucial in their correction since they will be deterred from repeating the crime. In most cases, they steal because they want to buy the

Difference between rationalism and empiricism Essay

Difference between rationalism and empiricism - Essay Example Rationalist believe that truth exists and rational and logic can grasp truth. Empiricism Empiricism is a Greek Philosophy Empiricism is a philosophy which bases on experience for knowledge This philosophy establishes that sensory experience is the sole way to gain knowledge Empiricism is related to the material world and phenomenon of universe. Empiricism is related to posteriori knowledge which means knowledge need experience. Empiricism explains that all human ideas are based on some outward experience Empiricsim is a psychological thought. Empiricism is philosophical theory which believe on intelligent assessment of things in universe Empiricist believe that knowledge is gained though experience and not by innate ideas. Plausibility of the theories Rationalism -Rationalism is a theory which is based on logic or rational. It is right that logic is predisposed with us who give us the ability to understand between right and wrong. If a person does not have logic then it is not possib le for him to evaluate experience or gain knowledge. However, logic itself cannot give knowledge, as human being is social beings some kind of experience can complete our knowledge level. The strength of this philosophy is universal and eternal which means that if one person can think then all others can as well. Rationalism makes us independent because we don’t need experience from outside to increase our knowledge. This philosophy believes in innate ideas and hence is natural and pure. The weakness of this philosophy is that only by thinking one cannot gain knowledge. For example ;We can imagine of a strawberry of how it would look like but we can never think of it taste. This is because our brain does not have the faculty to give sense of taste of aching which we never... Rationalism -Rationalism is a theory which is based on logic or rational. It is right that logic is predisposed with us who give us the ability to understand between right and wrong. If a person does not have logic then it is not possible for him to evaluate experience or gain knowledge. However, logic itself cannot give knowledge, as a human being is social beings some kind of experience can complete our knowledge level. The strength of this philosophy is universal and eternal which means that if one person can think then all others can as well. Rationalism makes us independent because we don’t need experience from outside to increase our knowledge. This philosophy believes in innate ideas and hence is natural and pure. The weakness of this philosophy is that only by thinking one cannot gain knowledge. For example, We can imagine of a strawberry of how it would look like but we can never think of its taste. This is because our brain does not have the faculty to give a sense o f taste of aching which we never experienced.Empiricism -The main strength of empiricism is that it believes that knowledge can come only through experience which is obtained through sensory organs. We learn from scientific methods and experiments and gain knowledge more and more. According to this philosophy, the best way to understand things is to see with the eyes. The second strength of empiricism is that it gives experimental reasoning. Here the past experience and observation contribute to the gaining of knowledge.

AIIB Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

AIIB Assignment - Coursework Example us adviser ok then agreement ok If able to start work, doing the things in the job seeker’s agreement and looking for job then meeting Job Centre Plus career adviser ok If attending a restart course or attending job interviews then looking for job ok. Here below is And/Or to represent the reasoning the system may go through in order to arrive at a decision about the user's entitlement to the benefit Abstract The society plus the industry at large are getting knowledge oriented and they do rely upon the decision made by different experts. Introduction of a knowledge based system presents us with an expert on demand available at any time and in any place and is able to process information within the shortest time possible. (Tuthhill, S and Levy, 1991)The step to introduce such a system greatly promotes consistency and gives the intended usershighnction at a relatively higher level. The knowledge based approach takes into consideration the varied techniques and methodologies for re-use and capture of process and product engineering knowledge. This process is intended to reduce the cost plus time taken during software production, which is in real sense attained through the automation of every repetitive design activity whilst we capture, retain and re-use design knowledge. This paper examines the procedures of selecting a suitable design approach for a prototype of a system that will automate the processes involved in checking and validating the eligibility of the persons entitle to job seekers allowance. It justifies the need for using a knowledge based approach during the software development process, accesses the possible advantages associated with this given design choice and gives suggestion on the extra steps to be taken during the approach to ensure that it remains economically feasible. Introduction Expert systems are the system types intended to solve real life problems that would usually require some specialized human effort like a real estate cons ultant or a doctor. Prior to building an expert system, there is a need that the relevant knowledge be extracted from the given human expert. Such knowledge is based on important rules of thumb rather than the absolute uncertainties. A knowledge engineer has the duty of extracting such type of knowledge then using the same to build a knowledge base. The building of an expert system has lower chances of being successful when performed for the first time for the reason that the expert finds it hard expressing with preciseness what rules and knowledge they use in solving a problem. (Benefits and Risks of Knowledge Based Systems, 2004)The knowledge based design approach never follows the conventional method because of the complexity of the human knowledge. Knowledge elicitation has been never easy and turns to be more challenging in case the exercise entails some uncertainties. This method entails an understanding of expert system design plus the psychology associated with knowledge gat hering. The skills involved include conducting interviews with the experts and assembling the components of a

Javier Lopez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Javier Lopez - Essay Example This was when he got to play for the school team, amid his primary interest to join the FBI. It did not take him long to realize that his talent and personal drive was geared towards baseball. Before long, the FBI interest and desire was overtaken by his athletic personality that had by then become a significant part of his life. Following several successes in his newly realized dream, Javier Lopez has successfully become an icon player in baseball. Playing in national teams has placed him at the forefront of athletic responsibility; to win. My personal thoughts about Javier Lopez are broad in scope and dynamic over time. Following his life from when he was born in the year 1977 to date shows that he follows his drive to live. Although his personal dream was to join the FBI, that did not have to be the case. He acknowledges that things change that dreams do not always come true. Sometimes people dream, but their dreams do not necessarily come true. In this respect, his dream to work with the FBI did not lock out alternative opportunities that would actually make his life a success. Javier Lopez goes for what he believes is better for him. Being open-minded comes in handy for an individual to realize this. Personal success is not one-way-oriented. Success can be realized from failures. This does not mean that I think Javier Lopez was nor is a loser, but that he stood strong grounds to understand his strengths and weaknesses, and then designed a functional mechanism to enhance his strengths and counter his weaknesses. I think he is analytical and that he made a critical evaluation of the side of his life that would successfully work out best for him. Being in the super leagues that Javier Lopez has played in has placed him at a better position to influence masses in relation to the benefits of sports, games, and physical exercises. Personally, I regard Javier Lopez as an ambassador of good health.

What Is E4 Missing Essay Example for Free

What Is E4 Missing Essay E4 is a channel which provides the audience with a variety of shows that fit into separate genres and have a mixture of programmes for their audience. The institution have specific timings for specific shows, there are some shows such as Dog Soldiers and the Inbetweeners rude road trip which are shown after 9pm. This is because there are certain images/language which have been used in the programme and is not suitable for those at the age of 15. This is where the primary audience fits in, E4 shows are for those at the age of 15-35 therefore they are classed as the primary audience as it is targeted at them however some shows may not be suitable for those at 15 such as the inbetweeners due to inappropriate launguage and images such as nudity therefore the institution should think about their target audience in order to allure more viewers. This attracts less audience because it comes on at such a late time that most people would not be up to watch it, these shows which provide bad language or images would attract teenagers more than those at a mature age because teenagers feel the need to know what goes on around them which is provided through surveillance in the TV shows. So screening the shows at a late time they attract less audience which means that their viewers may drop at night and this can affect their institution severely. E4 show very interesting and a variety of shows throughout the day and they all target different audience, for example My Mad Fat Diary is a show which is most likely aimed at girls who are going through obesity however this show also includes a mental illness and throughout this show audience pleasure is provided to the audience this is diversion where the audience have an escape from problems because the ones shown in the show are worse compared to the ones they are going through. On the channel there is not a show which attracts a full on audience such as female, male and adults. To become more successful E4 should think about equipping the audience with a show which appeals to everyone, this will increase their viewers which will make them want more and it will be the best way for them in order to become more successful. For example if they programme a family reality show so showing what occurs in a house behind close doors it will attract more viewers because viewers would want to see how other familys behave and see whether they are able to relate to them, this will provide the viewers with audience pleasure. The shows which are shown on E4 all fit under different genres and are aimed at certain people, however even though E4 is a channel which targets audience from the age 15-35 the institution should think about doing a timing which includes a cartoon or a programme which is suitable for kids over the age of six, children at that age enjoy watching any cartoon they can catch their eyes on. If E4 changes the target audience and includes young kids as the target audience and provide them with cartoons it will have a positive effect on their channel as they are missing a target audience of young kids. E4 provide quite a few genres however E4 do not have a show which fully attracts a male audience a genre such as horror and horror is one genre which would allure more audience in because of the twists and the suspense. The primary audience for horror is also 15-35 year olds therefore if the institution include horror in E4 then it will attract more of an audience because it is showing a variety to the audience. The shows shown on E4 provide the audience with a lot of entertainment however if the institution used a sub-genre on the channel it would fill in the missing gaps they have on the channel. Since the target audience starts from 15-35 and E4 does not have anything related to news which means that the teenagers are not receiving enough surveillance which will decrease their knowledge. To cover this the institution should think about channelling infotainment on their show where they have a sub genre of news and entertainment, this will attract more viewers because it will enhance their knowledge on surveillance and will also keep them entertained. E4 provide the audience with shows which show problems that occur in every day life, however they do not equip the audience with a show which information which concerns the social status, class gender etc. This is classed as demographics. If the institution include demographics in E4 then their show will receive more attention because they are then focusing on things that are really important in todays time.

A Research Proposal On Money Laundering Finance Essay

A Research Proposal On Money Laundering Finance Essay The purpose of the study concerned the impact of money laundering and its effects on the local economic and method of laundering technique in Mauritius. Money Laundering is very vast in nature; it consists of various steps, technique and approach of undertaking such unlawful activity. The research analyzes the economic effects of Money laundering in the Mauritian Economic. The research work will attempt to examine the money laundering activities and the usefulness of prevention and detection techniques by local companies. The method that is to be used is mainly studying available research papers so that we get a maximum of information. The purpose of this study is to provide the general public a broad idea on money laundering with some existed solutions. The research will be in the main interest of financial institution, Government and General Public. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 What is Money Laundering? Money laundering is the process by which money is obtained illegally. Various types of frauds corruption, cooking the books, involve money which has been preceded by several criminal acts. Individual or groups make illegal gains by carrying out these criminal acts and often swindle high amounts. Money laundering makes it possible to legitimate ill-gotten gains through computer crimes, insider trading, and bribery where these produce large amounts of profits. Money laundering takes place within all types of profit-motivated crime, such as embezzlement, fraud, misappropriation, corruption, robbery, distribution of narcotic drugs, and trafficking in human beings (Økokrim, 2008). 2.2 Characteristics of Money Laundering Money Laundering consists of a series of various transactions used to change the source of financial assets so as these assets can be used without compromising the criminals offences. These transactions involve 3 stages (Billy Steel): 2.2.1 Placement The first stage refers to the physical distribution of financial assets. It is the most dangerous one for the perpetuators as the money from illicit activities are introduces into the financial system. Money laundering is a cash intensive business generating huge amount of cash from unlawful activities (for example street drug dealing, where payment are made in cash). The proceeds are then place into financial institutions, in the retail economy or deposits out of the country. The principal aim of the launder is to deliberately remove the cash from the location of acquisition and to convert it into other assets so as to prevent detection from authorities. 2.2.2 Layering Layering involves creating complex layers of financial transaction designed to cover audit tails and provide secrecy. The first attempt is to disguise the origin and ownership of the funds by creating complex layers of transaction. The idea of the transaction is to disassociate the illegal funds to the source of the offence. Layering is the second stage, in which the funds are moved so as to veil or remove any whatsoever link from the crime committed to obtain the money. During the layering process, a number of accounts, financial institutions, companies, funds as well as the use of professionals such as brokers, lawyers and consultants as intermediaries could be involved   as this is where the money will be channelled. Assets that are bought through unlawful funds can be resold locally or abroad and as a result, the assets become more difficult to map out and seize. 2.2.3 Integration The final stage consists of the integration of the money in the legitimate economic and financial institution. Integration is the stage whereby takes place the creation of a legitimate basis for the asset origin. The launder make the money appear legally earned and cleaned. At this stage it is very difficult to distinguish by authorities the difference between legal and illegal wealth. The money is viewed as being legal, and the criminal can use it for any purpose. Illicit money is often removed from its country of origin to be cycled through the international payment system so as to blur any audit trait (Joyce, 2005). There are different ways in which the third stage of money laundering is done. For example, a credit card might be handed out by offshore banks, casino winning can be cashed out, capital gains on option, and stock trading might follow, and real estate sale might lead to profit. The proceeds of criminal acts could be generated from organized crime such as drug trafficking, people smuggling, people trafficking, proceeds from robberies or money acquired by embezzlement, tax evasion, fraud, abuse of company structures, insider trading, or corruption. Popular Methods of the launders at this part of the game is Sending fake import export invoices and overvaluing the price of the goods. Consequently in allows the launders to more the funds from one company or country to another with the invoices serving as source of the capital place with financial companies. A simpler technique is to shift the money (via EFT) to a rightful bank from a bank owned by the launderers, as off the shelf banks are easily purchased in many tax havens. The establishment of unspecified company in countries where the right to concealment is guaranteed. In such case the launderer is in a position to grant loans from banks to undertake certain future legal transaction. In addition launders can claim tax relief on loan repayments and interest on loan so as to increase their profits. Most criminal acts are motivated by profit, argues Financial Intelligence Unit (2008). When substantial profits are generated from crime, perpetrators have to devise a means to control the assets in such a way that they do not attract attention to themselves or the crime committed. Thus, the money laundering process is crucial in order to enjoy the profit without arousing suspicion. 2.3 Problem statement: 2.3.1 Banking Secrecy: A major drawback of money laundering Banking secrecy is a professional obligation, meaning that financial institutions shall not expose a customers financial information and they even have the right to resist any third partys enquiries in order to protect the customers wellbeing. Secrecy laws have served to safeguard persons from financial failure in countries plagued by unsteadiness, fragile currency and run-away inflation rate. Wealthy individuals and political agents are also protected by allowing them to hide their possessions to avoid the risk of persecution (Savona, E.U, 1997). In some countries, for example in Switzerland, the revelation of secret banking information is punishable by law, whether it is intentional or unintentional (Corrado, M.G, 1988). In the world we are presently living, nobody can deny the fact that banking secrecy is the most significant weapon for money launderers. Some countries like Hong Kong, Switzerland, Panama are even known as notorious banking secrecy heavens. These jurisdictions really make the crime of money laundering more severe and out of control. For instance in Hong Kong, a new regulation was introduced in 2000 which requires banks to report suspicious transactions. This resulted in 6,100 suspicious transactions being reported in 2000 and 95% of them were from banks (www.hongkong.org/press/ny-021400.htm, 15th Aug 2001) 2.4 Combating Money Laundering: The Lifting of Banking Secrecy Despite being an important part of individual privacy, banking secrecy has to be lifted in some cases as it is equally important to fight against money laundering in order to guarantee a protected and safe society. The lifting of bank secrecy has already been embodied in the most vital international documents. Each party should authorize the court or other authority to order that financial or business reports should be made accessible or be seized under the 1988 Vienna UN Convention, the 1990 Strasbourg Convention and the 2000 Palermo US Convention specifically. The FATF recommended that financial institutions should concentrate on all unusual or large transactions, which have no evident economic or lawful purpose. Such transactions should be examined, written and be made available to supervisors, auditors and law enforcement agencies. If financial institutions doubt that proceeds come from a criminal activity, they are required to account for their suspicions to the expert authorities without delay (The FATF Recommendations on Money Laundering, 1996 Art 14, 15). These measures are innovative, modern and extremely different from the conventional banking system. In early times, the relationship between financial institutions and customers were founded on trust and confidence: neither the banker asked questions nor the customers made disclosures. The situation has now changed. Along with that, the way of thinking and attitude of bank directors, staff and that of management authorities have changed (Galvao G, 1997). 3.0 Research Methodology 3.1 Aims and Objective of the research The aim of the research is to identify evidence of banking secrecy and their effectiveness in combating money laundering. Cases of money laundering in Mauritius will be studied and analysed. Key principles from the anti-money laundering act and from regulations imposed by bank regulators (e.g. Financial Services Commission and the Bank of Mauritius) will be outlined. The study will then research on the measures taken by banks to fight against potential cases of money laundering in order to guarantee a protected and safe banking service. The lifting of bank secrecy has already been embodied in the most vital international documents. The objectives of this research are to: 3.2 Research Method A survey with a self-administered questionnaire will be the data collection technique used. The questionnaires will be sent to the senior managers, executives and branch managers of the identified banks in Mauritius. Visits to the company/meeting with the relevant person will be carried out where necessary to ensure maximum response and that questionnaire is being filled up by the addressee. Also, secondary data will be taken from company websites, reports and financial statement to supplement research. 3.3 Statistical Analysis of data After the questionnaire, the response will be input as data so as to make use of specific statistical technique. Thus SPSS statistical package will be used to analyze data for the findings of the research. 3.4 Benefits of the Research The research will be beneficial to: Companies Government Future Research Dissertations 3.4.1 Companies Combating money laundering will have a positive impact on companies: Through integrated management of financial crime operational efficiencies will improve The risk of corruption, identity crime and other criminal crimes will reduced considerably Reduced financial risk, reputational risk and legal risk Bad debts and fraud losses due to customer comprehensiveness 3.4.2 Government Money laundering has a negative effect on the economy, such as loss of control on the economical policy, economic distortion and instability. Moreover, government loss revenue as tax collection becomes more complicated and confusing. Therefore, the research will help to reduce these drawbacks. 3.4.3 Further Research Research will assist other researchers to make further research in the topic. Ghantt Chart Task/activity Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Choose topic  ·Ã‚ · Literature search  ·Ã‚ ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · Developing framework  ·  · Design questionnaire  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  · Survey  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · Data Input  ·  · Analysis  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  · Writing up  ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · Submit  · Budget Analysis Expenditures Rs Consultants and contracts 1400 Travel 400 Supplies and materials 400 Communications (Telephone, postage, etc.) 150 Equipment (Purchase) 700 Other (Equipment rental, etc.) 400 Total 3450

Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is a story that explores issues of isolation

Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is a story that explores issues of isolation, domestic affection and the many hardships of society Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein and domestic affection Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is a story that explores issues of isolation, domestic affection and the many hardships of society, it was published in 1818. Mary shelly wrote the book two years before but had problems getting it published, as women did not have the power to publish novels, it was the males in society who had the power to publish novels at the time. During the time Mary shelly was writing the novel there had been a French revolution overseas in America and the Declaration of independence had been instated. Many of the characters in Frankenstein may portray the actions of the changes in the world at the time. Mary shelly explores the nature nurture debate through Victor the creature and the delaceys. The nature nurture argument addresses lots of different and conflicting views in the development of children. Many people believe that people are born evil and that there is nothing as parents they can do about it. But many believe this is laziness shown by the parents of that child and they believe that the child becomes good or evil, due to the amount of love and protective guidance given to the child from its Parents. Shelley teaches us all well the long-range effects of spoiling a child to the extreme in her novel Frankenstein. Set in the mid-19th century, the novel details the life of Victor Frankenstein, Justine, Elizabeth, the delaceys and the monster he created to tackle issues of isolation, domestic affection and the many hardships of society. However, it also serves as a model of the ultimate repercussi... ...t in if he wanted to have a family that loved him and nurtured him. He starts to realize that this is the end for his hopes of a normal life. The creature tries to be accepted into the family by speaking to the blind man, the blind man is oblivious to any faults the creature may have. Agatha fainted, and safie unable to attend his friend rushed out of the cottage. Felix darted forward and with a supernatural force tore me from his father, to whose knees I clung; in a transport of fury, he dashed me to the ground with a stick .I could have torn him limb form limb, as a lion rends the antelope. He now realizes that all hope is lost of ever finding a family that will love him and show him domestic affection and so wallows in self pity. He then burns down the delaceys house at it is a symbol of a nice warm family that he is not apart of so he destroys it.

EC Law :: essays research papers fc

EC LAW ASSIGNMENT Gary Slapper states  ¡Ã‚ °that ever since the UK joined the European Community it has progressively, but effectively passed the the power to create laws which have effect in this country to the wider European institutions such ¡Ã‚ ±(Slapper`99 P.33) So in all practical terms the UK`s legislative, executive and judiciary ¡Ã‚ ¯s powers are in the main controlled by and operated within the framework of the European community laws. The increasing importance of Uk judges to consider the issues and principles of EC Law is clearly evident now as regards such issues as human rights and employment rights. National Judges must consider the practical realities that they must abide by EC rules regarding four areas of 1. Direct Applicability,2.Direct Effect and that3.EC Law following the case of Costa v Enel (1964) prevails over the national laws of each member state. Lastly 4. that in coming to a decision the National judge has the option to request a preliminary hearing under Art.177 from the European judiciary on a national legal dispute. It is these four areas that must be looked at in by the national judge when they are considering a case. With the fact that regulations are directly applicable under Art.189EC to all member states and that the UK has adopted the Monist stance (i.e. Community Law automatically becomes UK law) then judges have little option in some areas of law, but to follow Ec laws/Treaties. This comes via the European Communities Act 1972(S.2) and is affirmed in Ec case law 34/73 Variola 1973.National judges must also consider that Ec directives are part of domestic law and thus have legal existence even before their confirmation into national law. National judges must also consider that Ec Law regarding matters that come before the domestic courts is also Directly Effective (involving treaties) and it enforces rights and duties for Ec nationals, which can be enforced in domestic courts. This was established in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos 1963.The National judge  ¡Ã‚ °has to apply community law in the absence or in place of national law then a provision of such community law must to all intents and purposes be unconditional, clear and precise to form part of Uk law ¡Ã‚ ±. Kaczorowaska`98 P275 .The National judge has the ability to use discretion in the form and implementation procedure. Indeed with the concept of indirect horizontal direct then domestic judges are required to interpret their law in line with that of the community which basically emphasises the supremacy of Ec law as seen in Von Colson and Kaman 1984.

Effects of Social Networking

Social networking has become a well-known to all and all in recent years. People are able to meet and make friends, even if they do not know each other. Moreover, they are able to get updates from their loved ones by using social networking sites. Some people are also discussing different important topics on them. They exchange their ideas as well. However, there are several negative effects of social networking sites on our day to day life. People are becoming socially backward by using social networking sites. They do not like to go out to interact with other people.Logging into a community, they intermingled with other people online. They have also replaced the actual procedure of social interaction. Before the invention of these sites, people were keen to go out and meet with other people, but now they sit in front of computers to relate with others. Furthermore, people who are shy in public take advantage of using communal sites. Thinking beyond the social network should be hard for them. These sites are not helping them to overcome their shyness. If they tried to interact with people, they might make it.But because of these sites, they do not even try to do it. Thus social networking sites make people unsocial and socially reluctant. Another effect of community networking is online predators. If someone uploads photos and videos for showing their friends and families, they could be caught by online hunters. Raiders collect photos and videos that are not theirs and misuse them; for example, by creating rumors. These can be displayed for even teenagers and children to see, causing harm. Children and teenagers are becoming addicted watching adult photos and videos.Those predators also follow what you are doing online. Another problem is social networking sites use internet slang. Thus social networking sites are making people morally unhealthy. Finally, the most important effect is people are losing their valuable time, specially the students and officials. Instead of studying, they are playing on different shared interacting sites. A statistic shows that about 68. 4% undergraduate students spend 11 hours per day by chatting and playing games in social networking sites.Furthermore, officials use these sites instead of doing their job. Social networking sites are being banned because of the inefficiency of the workers. Another statistic shows that about 43% American service holders are addicted to facebook. Social networking leads numerous adverse impacts on our life. People are becoming hesitant as they do not go outside to meet people. They are losing their precious time by surfing social networking sites and chatting with others. People are becoming morally corrupted as a result of using jargons and watching uncensored photos and videos.

Childhood Poverty Leads to a Life Filled with Crime Essay

Childhood poverty is a growing issue in America as more and more children are living below poverty line of $22,050. 00 a year for a family of four. Because of the recession we are in and dominant single parent families in the country, we have a rising rate of childhood poverty. Many times poverty leads to poor choices both in and out of school for these young kids, mainly because of the lack of accountability in the household. The main reasons that children of poverty turn to crime is a lack of parental supervision, higher unemployment rate and the poor role models the children have in the environment they grew up in. When a family struggles financially it does not only create problems in the bank account, but it can create discomfort between spouses which can lead to a higher divorce rate. â€Å"children who are reared in poor families are more likely to fail in school, dropout of school, get arrested,† says Ron Haskins, co-director on children and families at Brookings institution. Children living in poverty most likely have a parents with very little education. If their parents don’t have value on education the child won’t have the support at home required to succeed in school themselves. Thus as exiting school and trying to get a job that pays enough to survive they will struggle and resort to crime as means to get by. Single mothers are the majority of single parents it can be hard for women to steer their young sons in the right direction which can also contribute to a crime-filled path. With an astonishing percentage of 53. percent of households headed by females its hard for mothers to support their families. Sometimes these mothers work two or three to help make ends meet. With their mothers working and fathers simply not around many kids have no adult supervison and tend to make poor decisions without repercussion. Without learning early on that poor behavior can have a negative consequence, these children are doomed to continue making negative choices. Another reason kids living in poverty turn to crime is that they lack a support system in role models. A lot of time kids coming from low income families or single-parent families live in government housing or assisted housing programs and don’t always have the best environment surrounding them. We would like to think regardless of our income our children would look to athletes and such for mentors, but a lot of time in low income areas, kids see the ones maybe who deal drugs or commit other illegal acts as their role models simply because they have the money and other luxuries. In conclusion, childhood poverty leads to a higher chance of a life filed with crime. With the unemployment rate going up and the single-parent households increasing, it’s easy for kids to fall victim to street crimes to achieve a better life they were dealt. A lot of people don’t witness kids substituting crime for the income their parents can’t provide. However living in the area where I grew up, I witnessed things like this first hand. Kids shop lifting, stealing cars, or maybe even dealing drugs just to survive. Sadly I don’t think it’s something that will ever be controlled. There will always be poverty which will lead people to committing crimes to make it.

Have Police Managers become too bureaucratic? Essay

In the past, the police force has always been regard as guardians of law and order in the society. Today, however, the police, in particular, the police managers, are not only simply involved in enforcing the law and ensuring the stability of society, but also in assuming various political and administrative roles. In words, the police managers have more or less become involved in matters that are beyond their job description, which is to simply manage a police force. Nowadays, police leaders have become more involved in numerous paper works and even in dealings with politicians and people who have great influence and power. While there is nothing wrong with the police managers associating themselves with politicians and other people of the same type in order to possibly earn additional income, there are various risks that can greatly affect their image and career, such as corruption. Although the police manager may do his or her job of protecting his or her so-called client, he or she is also exposed to several temptations. One example of which is accepting bribes that can further result in the police manager protecting his or her client who is involved in illegal activities. Â  Furthermore, the police manager may end up being involved in criminal activities himself or herself or being or being an accessory to crime. These criminal activities may include illegal drug trafficking and child and women trafficking, among many others. In other words, due to massive corruption, the police office suddenly forgets his or her true role in society which is to uphold the law and maintain peace and order. While police corruption is one of the greatest sins against society in general, there are times when people cannot blame the police manager for becoming corrupt. One of the reasons behind this is the relatively average income that a police manager receives. Basically, since the police manager needs to earn more for himself or herself and possibly for his or her family, he or she uses resorts to various alternatives to augment his or her income. And, relatively, the easiest way for him or her to do so is to become involved in illegal activities such as accepting bribes and favors from shady people in exchange for money. However, aside from money, another factor that results in the corruption of a police manager is power. When a police manager associates himself or herself to people in power, such as business tycoons and politicians, in a way, he or she is sharing their power and influence. Â  For example, a police manager can use the influence of his or her client who is in power to dodge criminal charges. Moreover, he or she can also use the influence of his or her client to threaten other people. In addition, after some time, the police manager may end up in power himself or herself as a reward for protecting his or her client. In short, too much bureaucracy on the part of the police manager, more often than not, always leads to corruption. This is mainly due to the fact that the police manager has a relatively low salary and is always looking for ways to consolidate his or her salary.

The Immune System – Overview

We are surrounded by billions of bacteria and viruses. To many of them, a human being is like a walking smorgasbord, offering nearly limitless resources that they can use for energy and reproduction. Luckily for us, getting into the human body is not an easy task! From the point of view of these tiny organisms, a human is a bit like a fortress. The skin is thick and very hard to penetrate. In addition, the skin also produces a variety of substances that are harmful to invaders. Openings such as the eyes, nose, and mouth are protected by fluids or sticky mucus that capture harmful attackers.The respiratory tract also has mechanical defenses in the form of cilia, tiny hairs that remove particles. Intruders that get as far as the stomach are up against a sea of stomach acid that kills most of them. But in spite of our fantastic defenses, hostile invaders still manage to get through. Some enter along with our food, while others may sneak in via the nose. And, as we all know, many things can break through our skin. In everyday life we often receive cuts or scrapes, and every time this happens we face the risk of a full-scale invasion from bacteria or viruses.What is the magic, then, that keeps us healthy most of the time? When we receive a cut, and when invaders enter the body, cells are destroyed. The dying cells trigger an automatic response called inflammation, which includes dilated blood vessels and increased blood flow. An inflammation is the body's equivalent to a burglar alarm. Once it goes off, it draws defensive cells to the damaged area in great numbers. Increased blood flow helps defensive cells reach the place where they're needed. It also accounts for the redness and swelling that occur.Immune Cells: The Defense The defensive cells are more commonly known as immune cells. They are part of a highly effective defense force called the immune system. The cells of the immune system work together with different proteins to seek out and destroy anything forei gn or dangerous that enters our body. It takes some time for the immune cells to be activated – but once they're operating at full strength, there are very few hostile organisms that stand a chance. Immune cells are white blood cells produced in huge quantities in the bone marrow.There are a wide variety of immune cells, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some seek out and devour invading organisms, while others destroy infected or mutated body cells. Yet another type has the ability to release special proteins called antibodies that mark intruders for destruction by other cells. But the really cool thing about the immune system is that it has the ability to â€Å"remember† enemies that it has fought in the past. If the immune system detects a â€Å"registered† invader, it will strike much more quickly and more fiercely against it.As a result, an invader that tries to attack the body a second time will most likely be wiped out before there are any sympt oms of disease. When this happens, we say that the body has become immune. Bacteria and Viruses: Our Main Enemies | A virus needs a host cell to reproduce. | Now that you know a bit about our defenses, let's take a closer look at our primary enemies. Bacteria and viruses are the organisms most often responsible for attacking our bodies. Most bacteria are free living, while others live in or on other organisms, including humans.Unfortunately, many bacteria that have human hosts produce toxins (poisons) that damage the body. Not all bacteria are harmful, though. Some are neutral and many are even desirable as they fulfill important functions in the body. Bacteria are complete organisms that reproduce by cell division. Viruses, on the other hand, cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell. They hijack body cells of humans or other species, and trick them into producing new viruses that can then invade other cells. Frequently, the host cell is destroyed during the process. Pat hogens and AntigensIn daily life we might speak of viruses, bacteria, and toxins. However, when reading about the immune system you’ll often come across the words antigen and pathogen. An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers a reaction from the immune system. Antigens are often found on the surfaces of bacteria and viruses. A pathogen is a microscopic organism that causes sickness. Hostile bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens The Immune System – in More Detail The immune system is one of nature's more fascinating inventions. With ease, it protects us against billions of bacteria, viruses, and other parasites.Most of us never reflect upon the fact that while we hang out with our friends, watch TV, or go to school, inside our bodies, our immune system is constantly on the alert, attacking at the first sign of an invasion by harmful organisms. The immune system is very complex. It's made up of several types of cells and proteins that have different jobs to do in fighting foreign invaders. In this section, we'll take a look at the parts of the immune system in some detail. If you're reading about the immune system for the first time, we recommend that you take a look at the Immune System Overview first (see link below).The Complement System The first part of the immune system that meets invaders such as bacteria is a group of proteins called the complement system. These proteins flow freely in the blood and can quickly reach the site of an invasion where they can react directly with antigens – molecules that the body recognizes as foreign substances. When activated, the complement proteins can | -| | trigger inflammation| | -| | attract eater cells such as macrophages to the area| | -| | coat intruders so that eater cells are more likely to devour them| | -| | kill intruders|Phagocytes This is a group of immune cells specialized in finding and â€Å"eating† bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells. There are t hree main types, the granulocyte, the macrophage, and the dendritic cell. | The granulocytes often take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders in large numbers, and â€Å"eat† until they die. The pus in an infected wound consists chiefly of dead granulocytes. A small part of the granulocyte community is specialized in attacking larger parasites such as worms. | The macrophages (â€Å"big eaters†) are slower to respond to invaders than the granulocytes, but they are larger, live longer, and have far greater capacities. Macrophages also play a key part in alerting the rest of the immune system of invaders. Macrophages start out as white blood cells called monocytes. Monocytes that leave the blood stream turn into macrophages. | | The dendritic cells are â€Å"eater† cells and devour intruders, like the granulocytes and the macrophages. And like the macrophages, the dendritic cells help with the activation of the rest of the immune system.The y are also capable of filtering body fluids to clear them of foreign organisms and particles. | Lymphocytes – T cells and B cells | | The lymphatic system| The receptors match only one specific antigen. | White blood cells called lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow but migrate to parts of the lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. There are two main types of lymphatic cells, T cells and B cells. The lymphatic system also involves a transportation system – lymph vessels – for transportation and storage of lymphocyte cells within the body.The lymphatic system feeds cells into the body and filters out dead cells and invading organisms such as bacteria. On the surface of each lymphatic cell are receptors that enable them to recognize foreign substances. These receptors are very specialized – each can match only one specific antigen. To understand the receptors, think of a hand that can only grab one specific item. Imagine that your hands could only pick up apples. You would be a true apple-picking champion – but you wouldn't be able to pick up anything else. In your body, each single receptor equals a hand in search of its â€Å"apple. The lymphocyte cells travel through your body until they find an antigen of the right size and shape to match their specific receptors. It might seem limiting that the receptors of each lymphocyte cell can only match one specific type of antigen, but the body makes up for this by producing so many different lymphocyte cells that the immune system can recognize nearly all invaders.T cells T cells come in two different types, helper cells and killer cells. They are named T cells after the thymus, an organ situated under the breastbone. T cells are produced in the bone marrow and later move to the thymus where they mature. Helper T cells are the major driving force and the main regulators of the immune defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T cells. However, the helper T cells themselves must be activated. This happens when a macrophage or dendritic cell, which has eaten an invader, travels to the nearest lymph node to present information about the captured pathogen. The phagocyte displays an antigen fragment from the invader on its own surface, a process called antigen presentation. When the receptor of a helper T cell recognizes the antigen, the T cell is activated.Once activated, helper T cells start to divide and to produce proteins that activate B and T cells as well as other immune cells. | PARTS AND FUNCTIONS White Blood Cells * The smallest parts of the immune system are the myriad types of white blood cells that are responsible for demolishing malicious bacterial, viral and tumor cells. T cells serve as both managers and infection killers. They are responsible for activating and communicating with other types of white blood cells before destroying malignant cells like parasites and tumors. Natural killer cells directly attack virus cells and tumor cells such as lymphoma, melanoma and herpes.They work alone without communicating with other parts of the immune system. B cells work to produce antibodies that attach themselves to foreign cells as a sign to natural killer cells and T cells to attack and destroy. Bone Marrow * An essential aspect of the immune system–and the origin of all types of immune system cells–is red bone marrow. Bone marrow is a specific type of tissue that grows in the empty centers of bones. This tissue uses the process of hematopoiesis to manipulate its own stem cells into B cells and natural killer cells, as well as the foundational pieces of other immune ells like T cells. Once they are created, these cells migrate out of the marrow tissue and circulate through the blood stream to infection sites, other glands or around the body as general patrol entities. Thymus Gland* The foundations of T cells produced in the bone marrow, called thymocytes, leave the tissu e and travel to the thymus gland for completion. The thymus is a small gland located near the lungs in the upper torso. Thymocytes complete their maturation in the thymus through the process of thymic education, where each cell is developed and examined for maximum efficiency.Cells that are not strong enough to provide immune support are destroyed and absorbed by the thymus, while the successfully matured cells are excreted from the gland into the blood stream. Spleen The spleen, which is located on the left side of the abdomen just under the lung, is a blood filter that works to remove malignant cells from the blood stream. To assist in this function, it holds a significant store of B cells, T cells and natural killer cells to help eliminate any contaminants that are caught.The spleen also assists in immune function by holding a store of red blood cells and platelets that can be deployed as support for the immune cells in the event of an infection or wound. Lymph Nodes * Lymph node s, found throughout the body, are also integral parts of the immune system that filter tissue fluid for bacteria cells, tumor cells and viral particles. Like the spleen, lymph nodes are full of the various types of white blood cells that clean the lymph fluid before returning it to various areas of the body.Lymph nodes are located in the head, neck, arms, legs, abdomen and genital area of the human body and are connected through a network of afferent lymphatic vessels. In the event of an infection, white blood cells can use these lymphatic vessels to quickly communicate with other parts of the immune system. SKIN The skin is the largest organ in area. With the Langerhans cells in the lowest epidermal layers, it is equipped with specialized immunologically competent cells. The Langerhans cells play a central role in the skin's immune system and are an integral part of the body's total defence system.The body's own defence against microorganisms begins directly at the skin surface. Sp ecial fatty acids from the sebaceous glands (i) and the secretions of certain bacteria belonging to the physiological skin flora inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria. Certain enzymes present in sweat (lysozymes) can destroy the cell walls of invading bacteria. If a foreign body passes this first line of defence – for example, due to skin damage – the skin's immune system responds. Many cells help fend off foreign bodies. Among these are cells – like the Langerhans cells – that are specific to the skin's immune system.

Discuss 10 major pieces of legislation, including names, years of passage…

Our society at present is composed mostly of aged individuals who needs long term care. Over the last century, the types of illnesses that had affected the American elderly had begun to change. The most common examples in the elderly today include arthritis (46 percent), hypertension (38 percent), hearing impairments and heart conditions (28 percent each), visual and orthopedic impairments (14 percent each), and diabetes (8 percent). About 80 to 85 percent of those over 65 have at least one chronic condition, and a substantial proportion have more than one such condition (Oktay, 1985).The federal government had passed a number of laws that have directly and indirectly affected the elderly population as it relates to their long-term care. These legislations will be discussed in this paper to demonstrate how relevant it is to the care of the elderly. President Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the Housing Act of 1965 into law in 1965, which was a part of the president’s â€Å"Great Society† program (Listokin and Burchell, n. d). The bill created the program that made subsidies available for low- and moderate-income rental units, and it also authorized the subsidy that fostered home ownership by the poor.The housing needs of inner-city areas were to be met by specially targeted subsidies. The best-known subsidy plan was the Model Cities Program (authorized by the 1966 Demonstration Cities Act), which focused on upgrading the physical (housing, public facilities) as well as the social (education, job training) aspects of inner-city areas. It also recognized the needs of older people for non-institutional congregate housing sites, most of which were age related. There are several programs that provide supportive housing to the frail elderly.The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administers the Section 202 program, under which subsidies are provided for the building and managing of rental housing for the elderly (Clark, 1996). This legislatio n offered new services for the elderly to remain in their own homes and be cared for. The Medicare and Medicaid programs were signed into law on July 30, 1965. President Lyndon B. Johnson is pictured at the signing ceremony in Independence, Missouri at the Truman Library (Medicare†¦2006). These are two U. S. government programs that guarantee health insurance for the elderly and the poor, respectively.They were formally enacted in 1965 as Discuss 10 major pieces of legislation, including names, years of passage†¦ Page #2 amendments (Titles XVIII and XIX, respectively) to the Social Security Act (1935) and went into effect in 1966. Medicare is a federal health insurance program with a uniform eligibility and benefit structure throughout the U. S. The program covers most persons entitled to Social Security benefits, persons under age 65 entitled to disability benefits, and some persons with end-stage renal disease (Clark, 1966).Medicare is designed to meet the health care ne eds of acute diseases rather than long-term care. Medicare benefits are provided under two parts: Part A, Hospital Insurance and Part B, Supplementary Medical Insurance. Although most; Medicare recipients receive benefits under fee-for-service arrangements, approximately 10 percent of Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in managed care plans. Under current law, Medicare home health benefits under either part are targeted at persons recovering from an acute illness.The beneficiary must be homebound and services must be ordered and reviewed periodically by a physician. Medicaid is a federal-state matching entitlement program providing medical assistance to low-income persons who are aged, blind, disabled, members of families with dependent children, or meet certain other criteria for need. Within federal guidelines, each state designs and administers its own program. There is considerable variation from state to state in persons covered, benefits included, and amounts of payment for s ervices.Medicaid finances home- and community-based care under three coverage options: (a) home health care, (b) personal care, and (c) home- and community-based waiver services. Medicaid is more responsive to the long-term care of the elderly than Medicare especially for those who are poor and disadvantaged. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Older Americans Act into law on July 14, 1965. In addition to creating the Administration on Aging, it authorized grants to States for community planning and services programs, as well as for research, demonstration and training projects in the field of aging.Later amendments to the Act added grants to Area Agencies on Aging for local needs identification, planning, and funding of services, including but not limited to nutrition programs in the community as well as for those who are homebound; programs which serve Native American elders; services targeted at low-income minority elders; health promotion and disease prevention Discuss 10 maj or pieces of legislation, including names, years of passage†¦ Page #3 ctivities; in-home services for frail elders, and those services which protect the rights of older persons such as the long term care ombudsman program (http://www. vec. virginia. gov). This policy was an answer to many of the domestic difficulties of the elderly, it gave them supportive services that has been incorporated in the long-term care program of the elderly. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA's protections apply to both employees and job applicants.Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his/her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training (The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). The act was signed into la w by President Lyndon Johnson on December 15, 1967. Through this policy, the employed elderly were protected from unjust employment practices, in relation to long-term care; it gave the elderly earning power and thus could pay for health insurance that would pay for their health care needs.The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law by President Bush on July 26, 1990. The central purpose of this Act is to extend to individuals with disabilities civil rights protections similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, sex, national origin, and religion. Based on the concepts of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the ADA guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in employment, public accommodation, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications.The ADA is the most significant federal law ensuring the full civil rights of all individuals with disabilities (Wodatch, 1990). This policy gave person’s wit h disability the opportunity to become functioning individuals in society, however, The policy is really not that relevant to long–term care, wherein people with mild or moderate disabilities are the only ones who can benefit from this policy since those who need institutional care and long-term care cannot become fully functioning members of society.Signed into law by President Nixon in 1972, the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program replaced a patchwork of state programs for the aged, blind, and disabled. SSI improves the Discuss 10 major pieces of legislation, including names, years of passage†¦ Page #4 quality of life for persons who are elderly or have a disability by providing financial support, incentives to work, and access to medical care (through Medicaid; enrollment in SSI generally brings with it eligibility for Medicaid).These elements of the program have helped make it possible for poor people who are elderly or have disabilities to gain freedom from d estitution and institutional care (Sweeney and Fremstad, 2005). The policy makes the costs of long-term care more bearable for the elderly and the poor, it however increases the administration of caring and nursing in the home rather than in institutions. On September 26, 1973, President Nixon signed the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 into law. This is a civil rights law to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability in programs and activities, public and private that receives federal financial assistance.Section 504 states that â€Å"no qualified individual with a disability in the United States shall be excluded from, denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under† any program or activity that either receives Federal financial assistance or is conducted by any Executive agency or the United States Postal Service (Pfeiffer, 2002). This policy was the first to address the need and rights of persons with disabilities but was consequently met with opposition from the general public as it meant giving equal opportunity to persons with disability.The policy increased the demand for rehabilitative services but at that time was limited. Title XX of the Social Security Amendments of 1974 authorized grants to states for social services. These programs included protective services, homemaker services, transportation services, adult day care services, training for employment, information and referral, nutrition assistance, and health support (Oktay, 1985). The funds were distributed to the states according to the size of the population. States were to define the eligible population and design a package of services (many of which were mandated).While Title XX funds were not earmarked for the elderly, there are a number of services, which are targeted primarily to elderly populations, among them, homemaker services. In FY 1982, the Title XX funds were replaced by the Social Services block grant which allowed the states to choose the programs and services that they want to spend on to alleviate the Discuss 10 major pieces of legislation, including names, years of passage†¦ Page #5 conditions of the needy. However, social services for the elderly who can take care of themselves maybe provided.Most states provide homemaker and chore services as well as adult protective and emergency services for their elderly citizens, in order to prevent or reduce inappropriate institutional care (Clark, 1996). On July 1, 1988, President Bush signed into law H. R. 2470, the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (MCCA). This law provided the most significant expansion of the Medicare program since its inception. It also contained numerous technical amendments to the Medicare and Medicaid programs, as well as three new Medicaid provisions.However, the following year, the President signed into law Public Law 101-234 that repealed the major expansions of the Medicare program enacted the previous year (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). The act expanded Medicare coverage of inpatient hospital care and will also provide payment for outpatient prescription drugs and home i. v. therapy. For the prescription drug benefit, deductible and coinsurance payments will be phased in, and Medicare will establish payment limits. A per diem fee schedule will be established to pay for the supplies and services used in home i. . therapy. Providers of home therapy must have qualifications specified by the act (Grealy, 1989).The policy increased the demand for training of health-care providers that are home-based. It gave the elderly long-term care in their own homes rather than in hospitals or institutional facilities. It also paved the way for the employment boom of caregivers in the country. On July 26, 1990, President George H. W. Bush signed into law the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) — the world's first comprehensive civil rights law for people with disabilities.The Act prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, in public services (Title II), in public accommodations and in telecommunications (U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). The policy enforced guidelines that called for states to review the funding they gave to long-term care. It also emphasized the desegregation of the mentally disabled from the rest of society. The act has brought a decrease of admittance to nursing and institutional facilities, and increased the demand for home-based healthcare services.

Coca Cola Company and its Product Modifying Method to meet FDA Essay

Coca Cola Company and its Product Modifying Method to meet FDA standards - Essay Example With consumers worldwide becoming more and more cautious and watchful about their health, they are choosing to eat healthy and preferably live a healthy life. This follows the fact that deadly diseases such as cancer are on the rise and experts point out that these diseases are befalling most people due to their eating habits. This aspect has seen many companies including Coca Cola seek specific ways of modifying their products in order to meet the speculations set herein by special food governing bodies, which include but not limited to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Research findings posit that Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo Inc. are currently changing the procedures followed in making some of their products such as the caramel coloring commonly used in the sodas (50). This comes following the implementation of the Californian law that forces all products that contain a particular level of carcinogens should always come with a label of cancer warning. Ideally, this enforcement comes along with some consequences since very few people would risk purchasing a product that can cause cancer unto their lives. The company’s SWOT Analysis describes all the facts regarding what it intends to have its products free of any speculations. Web, http://www.google.co.ke/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a& sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=fflb&biw=1024&bih=610&tbm=isch&tbnid=dg5-NnM39-yN4M:&imgrefurl=http://tommytoy.typepad.com/tommy-toy-pbt-consultin/branding/page/2/&docid=HIy0iWonP0H8YM&imgurl=http://tommytoy.typepad.com/.a/6a0133f3a4072c970b0167630ab61e970b-500wi&w=375&h=274&ei=vSInUf-fKsjN4QSt-YHADg&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,i:219&iact=rc&dur=214&sig=100064067000265222398&page=3&tbnh=186&tbnw=255&start=33&ndsp=18&tx=145&ty=39 Currently, Coca Cola is undergoing a series of transformations specifically in the production of its products with the aim of ensuring it meets the set standards provided by the FDA. The company is now looking into the details of most of its recipes in order to ensure that it produces beverages that are in line with the recommendations and regulations of FDA. Given that research findings opine caffeine as well as tannin mixtures with cancer related causes, people are taking a step forward towards doing away with products said to have such ingredients in t heir contents (59). Change of such consumer market has seen most companies head towards the verge of losing a large market base. However, in order to ensure continued profitability, Coca Cola which happens to be one of the world’s largest producer and distributor of beverage products resolve to come into terms with the FDA standards which require companies to observe health regulations and recommendations. On March 7, 2012, Coca Cola Company asserted that its use of caramel coloring in preparing its drinks has always resolved to put into consideration the necessary requirements and thus is safe. Douglas Karas, FDA spokesperson stated that FDA is working round the clock and ensuring that companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi provide their consumers with quality beverages that pose no challenge to the users. According to Beverage Digest, one of the most active industry trackers, PepsiCo and Coca Cola hold the largest percentage (90%) of beverage productions manufacturing. As such, analysts claim that they can pose the most immense crisis if at any one point ended up consuming products that have high levels of carcinogens (66). This indicates that

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis - Case Study Example Whereas Mary Ellen didn’t see that donating was a disadvantage for the new company to, it needed to expand the profit. While the company experienced a tremendous growth, Mary Ellen could not do everything by herself and when TMT grow to 35 franchisees, Mary Ellen asked her daughter, Melanie, for assistance. Bringing her own experience to the business, Melanie saw a need in introducing formal control into the franchise system. While Mary Ellen was lenient in running a business, franchisees were allowed to pay the royalty payments at a convenient time. However, Melanie felt that TMT brand needed protection of its values and that the royalty rate was low. The decision to raise the royalty rate from 4% to 6% caused conflicts between franchisee, because they were taking advantage of the loopholes in the agreement made by Mary Ellen. Besides, some franchisees threatened to use the name of TMT and its logo without paying for it. They were litigated in the court by Melanie’s request, which resulted Melanie herself serious problem of spending legal costs in excess of $600,000. Despite the complications, the court upheld the TMT franchise agreement, returning two out of six franchisees. The issue with the court gave business owners understanding of the need in better assessing and choosin g of franchisees. Besides, the new level of discernment was brought for the review of prospective franchisees. From being painfully shy, Mary Ellen became the primary PR machine of the business, appearing on CNN and writing articles for the newsletters as for franchisees and employees of the company. Being deeply devoted to the business, she still prefers doing things for the kids, recognizing future customers in them. She also manages to exceed its customers’ expectations value and high standard of satisfaction by arranging meetings on the weekly

Any topic (writer's choice) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 180

Any topic (writer's choice) - Essay Example To be more precise, this paper will make an attempt to detect the role of meditation in such philosophies of thought as Yoga and Daoist philosophy as well as Zen Buddhism. I shall argue that despite that all of these the common characteristics and purposes typical of these three quite different philosophical practices, there is a number of distinctive features that define the general purpose of meditation in each of the philosophic trends. Speaking about an Ancient Indian view on meditation, one should point out that Yoga itself implied a certain state or condition, as well as a technique, and a particular kind of union. Patanjali considered Yoga to be â€Å"the cessation of the modifications of the mind† (â€Å"The Meaning and Purpose of Yoga†, n.d.). From the point of view of an Ancient Indian, the search for truth was in fact the fundamental problem of philosophy. The truth itself was not of great value, but the knowledge of it help an individual to be released. Thus, it appears that the release, attainment of absolute freedom was a chief aim of the spiritual practices, but not the knowledge of the truth. To become free meant to advance to the next level of being, gain another modus of existence that would surpass the â€Å"normal† life and set it on a new more advanced plane. Indeed, Yoga was regarded as a way analyzing the concepts of perception and cognition, lying at the root implying suffering. Besides, it was perceived as a rising and expansion of one’s consciousness.

Journal 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Journal 6 - Essay Example As a result it helps the organization to develop a strong and high brand image. Affirmative action can help an organization to take necessary actions against the discrimination. Effective affirmative action helps an organization to ensure equal employment opportunity for each and every employee. It ensures effective training and development program, transparent performance appraisal, and equal compensation distribution for each and every employee. It benefits organizations in several ways. First of all, it helps to reduce the possibility of challenges like employee poaching (Truesdell, 2003). Last but not the least; it influences several key stakeholders to take interest in the business operation process of an organization. Effective EEO and AA help an organization to overcome the possibilities of several types of workplace discrimination as it helps to ensures equal opportunities for each and every capable employee. It actually helps to motivate employees to perform

Entrepreneurship 320 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurship 320 - Movie Review Example complete factory that was later named, â€Å"North Shore Soap Factory.† Market gaps were identified, and the products were designed to capture prospective consumers. A spa inspired boutique was established. Product differentiation was undertaken after more original recipes were established. The two founders of the North Shore Soap Factory attribute their success story to the following reasons; Richard Schmelzer realized a potential business empire from an idea generated by his wife Sheri and their kids. The idea relied on decorating shoes with rhinestones and clay charms. Sheri Schmelzer is a witness that entrepreneurial skills can sprout from creativity, timing, and patience. Rich took the business idea and created Jibbitz. The company specializes on producing accessories for Crocs shoes. He attributes the success to timing. His business was defined by the ability to capitalize on ideas no matter how small they appear. Entrepreneurial skills do not necessarily arise from strong business ideas, ideas as small as those of Rich’s wife and kids bear potential success. Jibbitz success story revolves around the spheres of capitalizing on potential business ideas and establishing the appropriate time to capture the existing market trends (Hutt p

New York City as a Cultural Environment Assignment

New York City as a Cultural Environment - Assignment Example This assignment discusses art as a very valuable part of life, that brings beauty to ther environment and provides instances for rational and emotional reflection. However, the few people who do not appreciate it view it as unnecessary and perky. Art has been very important in New York City having given the city its impressive nature. Art is usually taken as the key illustration of something with essential value rather than just instrumental. The permanent collections found in the museums are all created for the public good and they are all representation of art which depict different ideas. There has been great movement in the history of art and this has seen New York grow to what it is today in the world of entertainment and tourist attraction. However, the commercialization of art has been a big challenge although it has made it possible for us to realize the value of art according to Fenner. Music, acting, literature, architecture, sculptures and museums are all forms of art whic h express a lot about life hence proving the importance and value of art in our daily life. To those who have the talent in art, it is a highly valuable activity which can earn them a living. It helps them to grow in their thinking and exposes them to many opportunities. The researcher then concluds that aeveloping interest in the works of art requires one to develop a deep understanding of the environment be able to comprehend things happening in daily life and this was a very challenging part of his life.

Systems Approach To Information Systems Change Essay

Systems Approach To Information Systems Change - Essay Example These transformations were not predictable at the setup, nor did they plainly emerge spontaneously in functioning by means of the novel expertise.This change procedure for Zeta system around the groupware information system technology sustained in the course of the subsequent year at Zeta while a number of predictable managerial transformations were chased through together developing as well as opportunity-based transforms connected by means of recounting proceedings as well as the knowledge and understanding expanded through employing the novel technology in carrying out.Now I will present the short self-reflection on what knowledge we need to develop, in order to improve as a management practitioner when undertaking information systems change. For this task, we require establishing a comprehensive research for the overall assessment of the information systems change and its effective management. In this scenario, we assess the main needs for old system and potential facilities that we require for the effective working and operations. In this way, we will effectively get the main needs regarding the system and its working structure. This research has presented a detailed analysis of the information system change management and handling. I have outlined the main areas that we need to transform for the effective services and business performance. This research has outlined the systems approach to information systems change. This research will be helpful regarding the system change assessment and implementation.

An every woman matters study Essay Example for Free

An every woman matters study Essay In this country, many feel as though health care is a right of the citizens. I myself struggle with this idea as I do believe we need to address the health care needs of our country but do not feel responsible for those that make poor health care decisions on a daily basis and look for us as a country to care for them. With that same thought, I feel a responsibility to help those that are truly trying and are not offered health care benefits through their employers, and cannot afford to purchase health care insurance, as well as the underinsured. We have to take a stance of what is best for the whole. Our health system struggles with access to health services for everyone. The government is very focused on easing this access through its programs. In 1965, the passage of Medicare and Medicaid were revolutionary in that it provided coverage for the elderly and low income to include the disabled. While not perfect it opened more opportunities for access. In 2010, another revolutionary policy can into being with the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This pushes employers to either supply health coverage of face a penalty. For the smaller employers that offer coverage, in return they receive a tax credit. Again, this effort is to reduce those uninsured and underinsured in our country through federal policy (Kovner Knickman, 2011). We are fighting an uphill battle with health care, because as we have tried to make health care more accessible to the citizens of this country we are seeing the cost rise at alarming rates. Ko vner and Knickman (2011) points out that between 1999 and 2009 household income rose 38% while insurance premiums rose 131%. This creates more underinsured and uninsured Americans to care for which is an economic crisis for this country that we must address. We have to find new and different ways to overcome the economic obstacles we face with rising cost. Thaler (2013), in his article in The New York Times, says no single change will allow our health care system to be transformed into one that we need and that we need to try many new approaches that are not in lined with the typical way of thinking. He offers some suggestions that make a lot of sense. He says we should first look to change our way of thinking about services. He says we should be paying providers for keeping their patients healthy instead of paying for test and procedures. The federal government should protect providers with a proven quality record of care and from malpractice lawsuits. Patients can opt out of these providers  care but who would realistically do that given the quality they receive? Evidence-based practices should be employed with care to avoid unnecessary tests such as CT scans and M.R.I.’s that many times leads to more unnecessary, unrelated tests. He also believe more energy needs to be spent to employ pharmacist, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants and allow to practice to the fullest extent to allow to allow primary care physicians to spend more time with patients. The idea of promoting health to avoid health care issues is far less costly than treating a disease process once it arises. I am a firm believer in preventative medicine and not enough energy is place on this type of health care. We are far too focused on what I call reactive medicine. Improved quality has been proven through research to be more cost effective. All care should be evidence-based to help improve the quality and decrease cost in the long run. References Kovner, A. R., Knickman, J. R. (2011). Jonas Kovners Health Care Delivery in the United States (10 ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Thaler, R. H. (2014, February 23). Overcoming Obstacles to Better Health Care. The New York Times. p. BU6. Response

Role Of Womens Rights In Afghanistan

Role Of Womens Rights In Afghanistan Do you think that Afghan nation from the outset needs only men to serve it? Before Islam, women were treated like slaves or property. Their personal consent concerning anything related to their well-being was considered unimportant, to such a degree that they were never even treated as a party to a marriage contract. Women were used for one purpose, and then discarded. They had no independence, could own no property and were not allowed to inherit. In times of war, women were treated as part of the prize. Their condition was unspeakable. In addition, the birth of a daughter in a family was not an occasion for happiness, but was regarded as embarrassment. The practice of killing female children was uncontrolled. With the arrival of Islam a verse came from the Quran criticizing those who practiced female infanticide: And when the news of (the birth of) a female (child) is brought to any of them, his face becomes dark, and he is filled with inward grief! He hides himself from the people because of the evil of that whereof he has been informed. Shall he keep her with dishonor or bury her in the earth? Certainly, evil is their decision (An-Nahle 16:58-59). Afghanistan is the only country in the world where women are symbolized to all other countries. Afghan womens current situation is not only the result of Taliban, but there exists a history over the centuries of Afghan womens situation. Afghanistan is a country that lost all its economical infrastructures passing three decades of war, has been faced with Economical, Social and cultural problems. One of the major problems that Afghans are suffering is violence against womens rights. Taking in to consideration that many activities have been accomplished since 2001 by international and governmental organizations but statistic show that problems have been remained and vast number of women are still suffering from violence. Many of women are deprived from education. A few women participate in political and social activities. As observed in Kabul, a woman suffers from violence every 30 minutes and 3% of women participate in governmental decision making activities. Only 11 percents of women were candidates in the 2010 parliamentary elections. Some of the challenging facts Afghan women faces in daily life are listed as following: Every 30 minutes, an Afghan woman dies during childbirth, 87 percent of Afghan women are illiterate, 30 percent of girls have access to education in Afghanistan, 1 in every 3 Afghan women experience physical, psychological or sexual violence, 44 years is the average life expectancy rate for women in Afghanistan, and 70 to 80 percent of women face forced marriages in Afghanistan (The Plight of Afghan Woman) Since the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, many people would agree that the political and cultural position of Afghan women have improved substantially. The recently adopted Afghan constitution states that the citizens of Afghanistan whether man or woman- has equal rights and duties before the law. So far, women have been allowed to return back to work, the government no longer forces them to wear the all-covering burqa, and they even have been appointed to top positions in the government. Although many people believe that women have equal rights to men, but Afghan women, especially in the rural areas of Afghanistan are not equally treated and their rights are violated. Women are not allowed to get education, women are forced into early age marriage and they have no right to work equally with men and take part in social activities. In many societies today, especially in Afghanistan, a woman is only valued and considered important if she performs the functions of a man, while displaying her feminine attractions to the public. If women get involved in politics, they would stop marrying, having children, and the human race would greatly be affected. Women are emotional creatures, and incapable of making a sound political decision. Afghan men, Typically among Pashtun families, parents believe that their daughters going to school is an immoral act, such as: being friend with the boys and then claiming to marry with the boy of their own choice. They have the ideas saying that their daughters may adopt non-cultural behaviors at school, such as: changes in their clothing, adapting modern clothing and ways of thinking, which are not accepted in Afghan culture. In most afghan families, relatives and friends advise each others for not letting their daughters attend school. A girl is considered as a financial burden on her parents; therefore, parents give their daughters to men who are in their fathers age to receive marriage cost and lessen their home expenses. In the most provinces of Afghanistan, girls are sold to men without knowing a girls consent, and then these girls are used as labors by her husband and in-laws family for carrying physical loads of the whole family. First, its known that education, especially for girls is among basic requirements for an improved life standard in any society, however 85 percents of women and girls are illiterate in Afghanistan. The United States of America International Aid (USAID) allocated fund to address this challenge that constitute the lowest educational level in the country, and girls are facing many problems in this area. Womens education is a foundation for building womens human capital and a requirement for their meaningful participation, effective leadership, and enjoyment equal of rights. Although, the womens right to education is legally protected by law, the Afghan women have been long deprived of their right to education and still the participation of girls and women in various levels and fields of education is limited and they face numerous constraints. Access to equal education opportunity still is a dream for many women. Despite of educational improvements in recent years, women still face a num ber of obstacles in their way to education such as early marriage; restricted movement; cultural barriers, security, transport constraints, shortage of qualified female teachers especially in rural areas, poor school infrastructure and facilities and the lower value attached to girls and womens education. In Afghanistan, the number of girls going to school is less than half the number of school boys and even in some provinces, like Zabul, this percentage is 3%; though the numbers of male and female populations aging between 6-18 year old dont have a considerable difference. Another problem in terms of education in Afghanistan is the number of female schools including elementary and high schools that has decreased considerably. In Kandahar, for example, there are 255 elementary schools, whilst 20 high schools exist in the city. In central region of the country there are 256 elementary schools and only 27 high schools, which show unwillingness of girls to study (Commission). Nearly 10 00 girls schools have been destroyed. Girls and teachers have been killed in a return of the Taliban reign of terror. Only 18% of Afghan women have skilled medical personnel present when they give birth (Feminism, Womens Rights Articles Issues). In Paktia province last year, a shura of elders decided that a 25-year-old man who sexually abused a 7-year-old relative girl should pay compensation to the childs family. They also decreed the girl should marry her rapist when shes older (The Star). Due to fear of Taliban or local warlords, girls cannot go outside their homes. If they go to schools, they are burnt, acid is thrown on their faces, or Taliban kill their family members. Almost in all provinces of Afghanistan girls are sexually abused and harassed. Girls are kidnapped on their way to school. They are kidnapped for different purposes by the Taliban or local warlords, to make money by selling them or to use for smuggling, or marry them by force. Second, forced marriages constitute the other serious problems of women in Afghanistan which is exercised on different ways and forms as to payment of huge dowry, underage marriage, engaging in the very early days when a child is born. Widows are still considered as a heritage and are not allowed to marry other man willingly. Forced marriage is considered to be one of the main cases of women rights violation in all over the country. For instance, only in Helmand Province 144 cases of forced marriage is registered by the Commission so far this year, mostly exercised as badal (girls exchange in families for marriage) and huge payment of dowry. In many parts of Afghanistan, marriages have taken place with threats by the powerful people, gunmen or in repayment for depts. Another reason considerably increases the number of early age marriages is the poverty in Afghan families. Third, in Islam, the value and importance of women in society and the true measure of their success as human beings, is measured with completely different criteria: their fear of Allah (SWT) and obedience to Him, and fulfillment of the duties he has assigned them, particularly that of bearing, nurturing and teaching children. Islam is a practical religion, and responds to human needs and life situations. Many women need, or wish, to work for various reasons. For example, they may possess a needed skill, such as a teacher or a doctor. While Islam does not prohibit women working outside the home, it specifies that the following restrictions be followed to safeguard the dignity and honor of women and the purity and stability of the Islamic society. Muslim women are not forbidden from going out in the community, working, or visiting relatives and female friends, if there is no objection from their guardian/husband and they are covered and behave and speak according to Islamic guidelines and, if necessary, escorted by their Mahram (male relative). However, a womans home should be the main base that she works from. Allah (SWT) instructed the wifes of the Prophet (SAW): O wives of the Prophet! You are not like any other women. If you keep your duty (to Allah), then be not soft in speech, lest he is whose heart is a disease (of hypocrisy or evil desire for adultery, etc.) should be moved with desire, but speak in an honorable manner. And stay in your houses, and do not display yourselves like that of the times of ignorance, and offer prayers perfectly (Iqamat-as-Salat), and give Zakat and obey Allah and His Messenger. Allah wishes only to remove Ar-Rijs (evil deeds and sins, etc.) from you, O members of the family [of the Prophet (SAW)], and to purify you with a thorough purification (Quran Al-Ahzab 33:32-33). Afghanistans social development can only be ensured through democracy and the reduction of poverty, the success of both being assured through full participation of women, especially in rural Afghanistan. Afghanistan has always had elite and middle-class women who asserted their rights and walked towards modernization. But a lot of most Afghan women in rural areas have been one of oppression through tribal customs and dictates. Womens rights are human rights. They are not simply American, or western customs. They are universal values which we have a responsibility to promote throughout the world, and especially in a place like Afghanistan. It is not only the right thing to do; it is the smart thing to do.